We present the technical design, calibration, and performance of POLABO, a bench-top laboratory polarimeter developed to measure polarization phase curves of asteroid-regolith analog materials under controlled conditions. The instrument acquires linear polarization measurements at variable phase angles using automated goniometric control and broadband photometric detection. Representative measurements obtained for magnetite and graphite reproduce the characteristic features of dark particulate media. The derived parameters αmin, Pmin, αinv, and the positive-branch slope h are consistent, within uncertainties, with previously reported laboratory results, demonstrating the reproducibility and reliability of the instrument. Independent characterization of the samples by SEM imaging, dynamic light scattering, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy enables direct correlation between polarization–phase behavior and mineralogical, morphological, and albedo properties. POLABO therefore provides a controlled experimental platform for systematically investigating how mineral composition, particle size distribution, porosity, compaction state, and surface geometry influence polarization–phase curves. Such laboratory studies are essential for improving the physical interpretation of asteroid polarimetric observations and for linking observed phase curves to the microstructural properties of regolith surfaces.